corat coret Kristian

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Jewish-Christian groups were known by such names as Ebionites, Hebrews, and Nazarenes.

In addition to the Apostolic Fathers, another important collection of writings for understanding early Christianity would be Jewish-Christian scriptures -- if only we had them! Unfortunately, most of the texts describing how a number of early Christians maintained Jewish beliefs and practices have been lost. We have only fragments, primarily in quotations of them by their critics and opponents. Naturally, we have to take those with a grain of salt!
Jewish-Christian groups were known by such names as Ebionites, Hebrews, and Nazarenes. Among the Jewish practices which they preserved in their form of Christianity was circumcision. Jewish Christians disagreed with Paul, who declared in his letter to the Galatians that circumcision is unnecessary for Christians. Jewish Christians also observed the Sabbath, from Friday at sunset to Saturday at sunset, as a day of rest and worship. They did not make Sunday a special day as Gentile Christians did. You may be aware that Seventh-day Adventists today agree with the ancient Jewish Christians on this point. Jewish Christians purified their bodies as a symbolic purification of their inner selves. Ritual washings before meals, immersions, and other such rituals were very important for Jewish Christians. In this way they were like the Essenes, the community of Jews who lived at Qumran and wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls. Jewish Christians didn't simply follow kosher food laws. A number of them went beyond the kosher laws to what they felt was God's original intention for us: to avoid all meat and thus be vegetarians. This was anchored in the Priestly Creation story, in which God said to the first human beings: "See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food." (Genesis 1:29)

Penulis melihat Jewish Christian ini adalah golongan yang mengikut ajaran tauhid yang sebenar. Sebab Jews telah terpesong, maka Allah turunkan Nabi Isa, kemudiannya Nasrani pula terpesong. Justeru tiadakah orang yang beriman dengan ajaran tauhid Nabi Isa? Penulis merasakan mungkin inilah golongannya. Beza golongan ini dengan Jews, dia menerima Nabi Isa (mungkin sebagai rasulullah), tapi Jews menolak. Teliti amalan mereka, hamper sama dengan Islam hari ini.
Berkhitan, immersion (mandi wajib), ritual washing (wudhu’?), makanan halal (kosher) malah lebih dari itu mereka jadi vegetarian, mungkin sebenarnya ada factor lain, seperti kita hari ini, ke kedai cari makanan yang vegetarian, s;ebab takut ada unsur babi dll dlm makanan persekitaran.

Coret 2
A byproduct of Marcion's movement was something which would be very important for Christianity ever since. Do you remember it? Here's a hint: a Christian might say, "Don't leave home without it!" If you leave home without your American Express card, you've violated the guidance of the TV commercial. But if you leave home without this, you might find one in your motel dresser drawer, supplied by the Gideons. Yes, Marcion developed the very first Christian Bible! His canon left out Jewish scriptures and any Christian scriptures that described God as Creator, because Marcion taught that God was concerned with spiritual things, not material things like creation of the world.

Marcion’s Bible ni tak percaya Tuhan yang menciptakan alam, hanya spiritual things sahaja. Ada2 saje. Demikianlah penyelewengan yang mula berkembang dalam agama Nasrani. Cuba reflek Islam hari ini, dengan pelbagai ideology yang timbul. Islam Hadhari, Al-Arqam, Ayah Pin, dll.

“Mainstream Christians reacted against Marcion by coming up with a canon which showed that there is only one God, the Creator of the universe and the Father of Jesus Christ. The result, around 200 A.D., was the near-universal acceptance of a Christian Bible with an Old Testament and a New Testament! The process of canonization -- determining which writings should be included in the scriptures -- is a fascinating one in any religion. The establishment of the Christian canon meant that some books would be left out.”
Memeranjatkan, maknanya masa ni, mainstream Christian masihpercaya Tuhan itu satu! Agama tauhid! Malah menerima juga taurat (old testament), seperti akidah Islam, beriman kepada 4 kitab. Tapi kita tak pernah baca pun 3 lagi kitab tu. Perlu ke? Lagipun kita tahu kitab2 tu telah diselewengkan. Buat apa baca. Tapi selepas baca sejarah Kristianni, saya lagi nampak bagaimana sejarang tajdid akidah yang Allah Taala turunkan melalui para Rasul berulang pada zaman Nabi Muhammad, awalnya menghadapi persecution, kemudian, baru diterima hingga menguasai Negara dan empayar.

Walaupun Christian cuba lagi ambil scriptures dalam old testament, Islam setelah turun, Allah menyatakan, bahawa segala ajaran dalamkitab sebelumnya adalah dimahzufkan dengan ayat2 al-Qur’ān.
Tapi, kita ada syariat orang terdahulu yang kekal kerana Al-Quran tidak menyatakan penghazafan kepadanya? Ini juga implikasi kepada beriman kepada 4 kitab Allah. Tapi sejauhmana kita tahu bahawa kandungan dalam new testament dan old testament adalah benar2 wahyu Allah, setelah banyak kali ia didebat dan diubah. Senang cerita, kalau nka baca, kena belajar Al-Qur’ān dulu,kemudian baru cek kitab2 ini, mana yang tidak bersalahan dengan Al-Qur’ān itulah yang kita boleh terima. Mana yang bersalahan, andai kata ia betul pun, Allah telah menyatakan bahawa syariat sebelumnya telah pun dihazafkan dengan al-Qur’ān.
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Coret3
Group2 kristian awal
- Montanists- a group of Christian ascetics who followed a revival preacher named Montanus and his two assistant preachers, Priscilla and Maximilla


[One of Tertullian's most important understandings for Christians throughout the years was his development of the concept of the Trinity. It's a complicated discussion, anchored in legal concepts, but let me review it for you the best I can.
1. The word substantia (substance) in the legal sense meant property and the right that anybody has to make use of that property. Thus the substance of an emperor is his empire. A Roman emperor could share that substance with his sons.
2. The word persona (person) refers to any legal entity that owns property. Several persons could share one substance, or one person could have more than one substance.
3. So Tertullian said that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three Persons, who share one substance: divinity. Tertullian called this relationship of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit a divine economy. Just as our American economy is the relationship of persons, jobs, and products to help everybody to meet their basic needs, the Trinity is also a set of relationships.
4. Similarly, Jesus is one Person who has two substances: humanity and divinity. We'll see in the next unit how Christians built on Tertullian's foundation and continued to try to understand how Jesus could be both human and divine.]

Tertullianlah yang bertanggungjawab develop konsep trinity ni. Banyak falsafah ni. Padanlah sebelum ni, mainstream Kristian percaya Tuhan itu satu – Allah.